Disruptions Dawn – From steam to silicon
Innovations & References Chapter Labor Organization
Comprehensive Bibliography: Labor and Organizational Model Transformations Across Five Technological Big Bang Events
Cycle 1: Arkwright’s Factory Revolution (1771) – Innovations and Sources
Factory Discipline and Time Coordination (1771-1790s)
– Systematic shift work and factory bell systems
– Example: Implementation of 13-hour shifts with mechanical timing coordination at Cromford Mill
Thompson, E.P. Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture . New York: The New Press, 1991.
Thompson, E.P. “Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism.” Past & Present 38 (1967): 56-97.
Pollard, Sidney. The Genesis of Modern Management: A Study of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965.
McKendrick, Neil. “Josiah Wedgwood and Factory Discipline.” Historical Journal 4, no. 1 (1961): 30-55.
Reid, Douglas A. “The Decline of Saint Monday 1766-1876.” Past & Present 71 (1976): 76-101.
Hopkins, Eric. “Working Hours and Conditions during the Industrial Revolution: A Re-Appraisal.” Economic History Review 35, no. 1 (1982): 52-66.
Spatial Organization and Factory Layout (1771-1780s)
– Multi-story mill design with vertical production flow
– Example: Cromford Mill’s systematic arrangement for gravitational material flow and supervisory oversight
Fitton, R.S., and A.P. Wadsworth. The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758-1830: A Study of the Early Factory System . Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958.
Chapman, Stanley D. The Early Factory Masters: The Transition to the Factory System in the Midlands Textile Industry . Aldershot: Gregg Revivals, 1992.
Tann, Jennifer. The Development of the Factory . London: Cornmarket Press, 1970.
Hills, Richard L. Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Aspin, Chris. The Water-Spinners . Helmshore: Helmshore Local History Society, 1981.
Chapman, Stanley D. “The Arkwright Mills – Colquhoun’s Census of 1788 and Archaeological Evidence.” Industrial Archaeology Review 6, no. 1 (1981): 5-26.
Labor Category Creation and Skill Hierarchies (1770s-1790s)
– Machine operators, supervisors, and child labor specialization
– Example: Systematic division between skilled mechanics and semi-skilled machine tenders
Berg, Maxine. The Age of Manufactures, 1700-1820: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain . 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1994.
Honeyman, Katrina. Child Workers in England, 1780-1820: Parish Apprentices and the Making of the Early Industrial Labour Force . Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.
Rose, Mary B. The Gregs of Manchester and the Industrial Revolution . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Nardinelli, Clark. Child Labor and the Industrial Revolution . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.
Pinchbeck, Ivy. Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 . London: Frank Cass, 1969.
Tuttle, Carolyn. Hard at Work in Factories and Mines: The Economics of Child Labor during the British Industrial Revolution . Boulder: Westview Press, 1999.
Weight and Measure Standardization (1750s-1770s)
– Uniform measurement systems for industrial materials and products
– Example: Standardized weights and measures for textile production across mill operations
Connor, R.D., and A.D.C. Simpson. Weights and Measures in Scotland: A European Perspective . Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland, 2004.
Zupko, Ronald Edward. British Weights and Measures: A History from Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century . Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977.
Chapman, Stanley D. “The Textile Factory before Arkwright: A Typology of Factory Development.” Business History Review 48, no. 4 (1974): 451-478.
Patent Systems and Replication Mechanisms (1769-1785)
– Licensing systems and controlled technology transfer
– Example: Arkwright’s patent strategy and subsequent litigation over water frame technology
MacLeod, Christine. Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Dutton, H.I. The Patent System and Inventive Activity during the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1852 . Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.
Khan, B. Zorina. The Democratization of Invention: Patents and Copyrights in American Economic Development, 1790-1920 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Mokyr, Joel. The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress . New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Sullivan, Richard J. “The Revolution of Ideas: Widespread Patenting and Invention during the English Industrial Revolution.” Journal of Economic History 50, no. 2 (1990): 349-362.
Factory Accounting and Record Systems (1770s-1790s)
– Systematic production tracking and cost measurement
– Example: Daily production reports and material consumption records at Arkwright mills
Pollard, Sidney. “Capital Accounting in the Industrial Revolution.” Yorkshire Bulletin of Economic and Social Research 15, no. 2 (1963): 75-91.
Edwards, John Richard. A History of Financial Accounting . London: Routledge, 1989.
Stone, Williard E. “An Early English Cotton Mill Cost Accounting System: Charlestown Mills, 1810-1889.” Accounting and Business Research 4, no. 13 (1973): 71-78.
Fleischman, Richard K., and Lee D. Parker. “British Entrepreneurs and Pre-Industrial Revolution Evidence of Cost Management.” Accounting Review 66, no. 2 (1991): 361-375.
Boyns, Trevor, and John Richard Edwards. “The Construction of Cost Accounting Systems in Britain to 1900: The Case of the Coal, Iron and Steel Industries.” Business History 39, no. 3 (1997): 1-29.
Cottage Industry Transformation and Putting-Out System Decline (1760s-1800s)
– Systematic replacement of domestic production with factory coordination
– Example: Transition from household textile production to centralized mill operations
Medick, Hans. “The Proto-Industrial Family Economy: The Structural Function of Household and Family during the Transition from Peasant Society to Industrial Capitalism.” Social History 1, no. 3 (1976): 291-315.
Kriedte, Peter, Hans Medick, and Jürgen Schlumbohm. Industrialization before Industrialization: Rural Industry in the Genesis of Capitalism . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Houston, R.A., and K.D.M. Snell. “Proto-Industrialization? Cottage Industry, Social Change, and Industrial Revolution.” Historical Journal 27, no. 2 (1984): 473-492.
Jones, Eric L. “Agriculture and Economic Growth in England, 1660-1750: Agricultural Change.” Journal of Economic History 25, no. 1 (1965): 1-18.
—
Cycle 2: Stephenson’s Railway Age (1829) – Innovations and Sources
Hierarchical Management and Administrative Coordination (1829-1850s)
– Multi-level management structures for geographic coordination
– Example: Liverpool-Manchester Railway’s systematic management hierarchy from station masters to general superintendent
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977.
Gourvish, T.R. Railways and the British Economy, 1830-1914 . London: Macmillan, 1980.
Ward, J.R. The Finance of Canal Building in Eighteenth-Century England . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.
Irving, R.J. The North Eastern Railway Company, 1870-1914: An Economic History . Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1976.
Kostal, R.W. Law and English Railway Capitalism, 1825-1875 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Technical Standardization and Interoperability (1829-1860s)
– Track gauge, signaling systems, and rolling stock compatibility
– Example: Standard 4’8½” gauge establishment and systematic signal coordination protocols
Simmons, Jack. The Railway in England and Wales, 1830-1914 . Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1978.
Gourvish, T.R. “Railway Enterprise.” In Railways in the Victorian Economy , edited by M.C. Reed. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1969.
Bonavia, Michael R. The Economics of Transport . 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.
Rolt, L.T.C. Red for Danger: The Classic History of British Railway Disasters . 4th ed. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1982.
Vaughan, Adrian. Tracks to Disaster . Hersham: Ian Allan, 2000.
Railway Signaling and Safety Systems (1840s-1870s)
– Systematic signal coordination and collision prevention
– Example: Block system implementation and systematic train movement control
Nock, O.S. Railway Signalling: A Treatise on the Recent Practice of British Railways . London: A. & C. Black, 1980.
Vanns, M.A. Signalling in the Age of Steam . London: Ian Allan, 1995.
Hall, Stanley. Railway Detectives: The 150-Year Saga of the Railway Inspectorate . Hersham: Ian Allan, 2006.
Temporal Coordination and Schedule Standardization (1840s-1860s)
– Railway standard time and systematic timetable coordination
– Example: Implementation of Greenwich Mean Time across British railway networks
Whitrow, G.J. Time in History: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Turner, Michael J. British Politics in an Age of Reform . Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999.
Howse, Derek. Greenwich Time and the Longitude . London: Philip Wilson, 1997.
Bartky, Ian R. Selling the True Time: Nineteenth-Century Timekeeping in America . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.
Galison, Peter. Einstein’s Clocks, Poincaré’s Maps: Empires of Time . New York: W .W. Norton, 2003.
Professional Engineering Development (1830s-1870s)
– Civil and mechanical engineering specialization
– Example: Institution of Civil Engineers establishment and systematic professional training
Buchanan, R.A. The Engineers: A History of the Engineering Profession in Britain, 1750-1914 . London: Jessica Kingsley, 1989.
Watson, Garth. The Civils: The Story of the Institution of Civil Engineers . London: Thomas Telford, 1988.
Emmerson, George S. Engineering Education: A Social History . Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1973.
Armytage, W .H.G. A Social History of Engineering . 4th ed. London: Faber & Faber, 1976.
Ahlstrom, Goran. Engineers and Industrial Growth: Higher Technical Education and the Engineering Profession during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries . London: Croom Helm, 1982.
Railway Labor Organization and Specialized Skills (1830s-1870s)
– Engine drivers, guards, signalmen, and systematic worker training
– Example: Systematic training programs for railway operational personnel
Kingsford, P.W. Railway Labour, 1830-1870 . Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1970.
McKillop, Norman. The Lighted Flame: A History of the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen . London: Thomas Nelson, 1950.
Bagwell, Philip S. The Railwaymen: The History of the National Union of Railwaymen . London: George Allen & Unwin, 1963.
Communication Systems and Information Management (1840s-1870s)
– Telegraph integration with railway operations
– Example: Systematic coordination of train movements through telegraph communication networks
Kieve, Jeffrey L. The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History . Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1973.
Standage, Tom. The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century’s On-Line Pioneers . New York: Walker Books, 1998.
Wilson, Geoffrey. The Old Telegraphs . London: Phillimore, 1976.
Huurdeman, Anton A. The Worldwide History of Telecommunications . Hoboken: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2003.
Railway Construction and Engineering Standards (1820s-1860s)
– Systematic construction methods and infrastructure standards
– Example: Standardized earthwork, bridge, and tunnel construction procedures
Simmons, Jack. The Victorian Railway . London: Thames & Hudson, 1991.
Biddle, Gordon. The Railway Surveyors: A History . Hersham: Ian Allan, 1990.
Chrimes, Mike, ed. A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland . London: Thomas Telford, 2002.
Railway Finance and Capital Markets (1825-1870s)
– Systematic railway investment and financial innovation
– Example: Railway share markets and systematic capital mobilization
Reed, M.C. Investment in Railways in Britain, 1820-1844: A Study in the Development of the Capital Market . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Cottrell, P.L. Industrial Finance, 1830-1914: The Finance and Organization of English Manufacturing Industry . London: Methuen, 1980.
Michie, Ranald C. Money, Mania and Markets: Investment, Company Formation and the Stock Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Scotland . Edinburgh: John Donald, 1981.
—
Cycle 3: Carnegie’s Steel Revolution (1875) – Innovations and Sources
Vertical Integration and Supply Chain Control (1875-1900)
– Systematic integration from raw materials to finished products
– Example: Carnegie Steel’s control of coal mines, iron ore, transportation, and steel production
Wall, Joseph Frazier. Andrew Carnegie . New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Nasaw, David. Andrew Carnegie . New York: Penguin Press, 2006.
Bridge, James Howard. The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company . New York: Aldine Book Company, 1903.
Hessen, Robert. Steel Titan: The Life of Charles M. Schwab . New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Warren, Kenneth. Triumphant Capitalism: Henry Clay Frick and the Industrial Transformation of America . Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996.
Bessemer Process and Steel Production Technology (1875-1900)
– Systematic steel production and quality control
– Example: Edgar Thomson Works implementation of Bessemer steel production
Misa, Thomas J. A Nation of Steel: The Making of Modern America, 1865-1925 . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
Temin, Peter. Iron and Steel in Nineteenth-Century America: An Economic Inquiry . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1964.
Hogan, William T., S.J. Economic History of the Iron and Steel Industry in the United States . 5 vols. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1971.
McHugh, Jeanne. Alexander Holley and the Makers of Steel . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.
Cost Accounting and Management Information Systems (1880s-1900)
– Systematic cost tracking and performance measurement
– Example: Carnegie Steel’s detailed cost accounting across integrated operations
Johnson, H. Thomas, and Robert S. Kaplan. Relevance Lost: The Rise and Fall of Management Accounting . Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1987.
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Livesay, Harold C. Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business . Boston: Little, Brown, 1975.
Hoerr, John P. And the Wolf Finally Came: The Decline of the American Steel Industry . Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988.
Johnson, H. Thomas. “Management Accounting in an Early Multidivisional Organization: General Motors in the 1920s.” Business History Review 52, no. 4 (1978): 490-517.
Managerial Hierarchies and Functional Specialization (1880s-1910s)
– Systematic management structures for complex operations
– Example: Functional departments for production, sales, engineering, and finance coordination
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. “The Beginnings of ‘Big Business’ in American Industry.” Business History Review 33, no. 1 (1959): 1-31.
Yates, JoAnne. Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
Noble, David F. America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism . New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977.
Zunz, Olivier. Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Labor Relations and Industrial Conflict Management (1880s-1890s)
– Systematic approaches to workforce control and union resistance
– Example: Homestead Strike (1892) and systematic labor relations strategies
Krause, Paul. The Battle for Homestead, 1880-1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel . Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992.
Serrin, William. Homestead: The Glory and Tragedy of an American Steel Town . New York: Times Books, 1992.
Brody, David. Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960.
Demarest, David P., Jr., ed. “The River Ran Red”: Homestead 1892 . Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992.
Steel Industry Technical Standards and Specifications (1880s-1910s)
– Systematic steel grade classification and quality standards
– Example: ASTM steel standards development and systematic materials testing
Noble, David F. Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation . New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984.
Brady, Robert A. Industrial Standardization . New York: National Industrial Conference Board, 1929.
Cochrane, Rexmond C. Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1966.
Corporate Governance and Strategic Planning (1880s-1900s)
– Modern corporate structure and systematic strategic coordination
– Example: Carnegie Steel Company organizational structure and governance procedures
Lamoreaux, Naomi R. The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895-1904 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Roy, William G. Socializing Capital: The Rise of the Large Industrial Corporation in America . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Sklar, Martin J. The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Weinstein, James. The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State, 1900-1918 . Boston: Beacon Press, 1968.
Steel Industry Geographic Concentration and Urban Development (1870s-1910s)
– Industrial clustering and systematic urban planning
– Example: Pittsburgh steel district development and planned industrial communities
Butler, Joseph G. Fifty Years of Iron and Steel . Cleveland: Penton Press, 1923.
Kleinberg, S.J. The Shadow of the Mills: Working-Class Families in Pittsburgh, 1870-1907 . Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989.
Couvares, Francis G. The Remaking of Pittsburgh: Class and Culture in an Industrializing City, 1877-1919 . Albany: SUNY Press, 1984.
International Steel Trade and Technology Transfer (1880s-1910s)
– Global steel market development and systematic technology diffusion
– Example: Carnegie steel exports and international licensing arrangements
Allen, Robert C. The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Wengenroth, Ulrich. Enterprise and Technology: The German and British Steel Industries, 1865-1895 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
McCloskey, Donald N., ed. Essays on a Mature Economy: Britain after 1840 . London: Methuen, 1971.
—
Cycle 4: Ford’s Assembly Line Revolution (1908) – Innovations and Sources
Moving Assembly Line and Rhythmic Coordination (1913-1920s)
– Systematic flow coordination and temporal synchronization
– Example: Highland Park plant assembly line with precise task timing and material flow
Hounshell, David A. From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932 . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.
Meyer, Stephen. The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921 . Albany: SUNY Press, 1981.
Nevins, Allan, and Frank Ernest Hill. Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company . New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1954.
Williams, Karel, Colin Haslam, and John Williams. “Ford versus ‘Fordism’: The Beginning of Mass Production?” Work, Employment and Society 6, no. 4 (1992): 517-555.
Biggs, Lindy. The Rational Factory: Architecture, Technology, and Work in America’s Age of Mass Production . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Time and Motion Study Implementation (1910s-1920s)
– Systematic task analysis and work measurement
– Example: Ford’s application of Taylorist principles to assembly line coordination
Taylor, Frederick Winslow. The Principles of Scientific Management . New York: Harper & Brothers, 1911.
Copley, Frank Barkley. Frederick W. Taylor: Father of Scientific Management . 2 vols. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1923.
Nelson, Daniel. Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management . Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980.
Kanigel, Robert. The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency . New York: Viking, 1997.
Labor Management and Worker Discipline (1914-1920s)
– Five Dollar Day and systematic worker surveillance
– Example: Sociological Department investigations and systematic worker behavior control
Meyer, Stephen. “The Persistence of Fordism: Workers and Technology in the American Automobile Industry, 1900-1960.” In On the Line: Essays in the History of Auto Work , edited by Nelson Lichtenstein and Stephen Meyer. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
Gartman, David. Auto Slavery: The Labor Process in the American Automobile Industry, 1897-1950 . New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1986.
Lewchuk, Wayne A. American Technology and the British Vehicle Industry . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Peterson, Joyce Shaw. American Automobile Workers, 1900-1933 . Albany: SUNY Press, 1987.
Mass Production and Standardization (1908-1920s)
– Product standardization and interchangeable parts coordination
– Example: Model T standardization and systematic component interchangeability
Womack, James P., Daniel T. Jones, and Daniel Roos. The Machine That Changed the World . New York: Rawson Associates, 1990.
Abernathy, William J. The Productivity Dilemma: Roadblock to Innovation in the Automobile Industry . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
Rae, John B. The American Automobile: A Brief History . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.
Flink, James J. The Automobile Age . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988.
Supply Chain Coordination and Supplier Management (1910s-1920s)
– Systematic supplier coordination and inventory management
– Example: Just-in-time component delivery and supplier quality assurance
Helper, Susan. “Strategy and Irreversibility in Supplier Relations: The Case of the U.S. Automobile Industry.” Business History Review 65, no. 4 (1991): 781-824.
Langlois, Richard N., and Paul L. Robertson. Firms, Markets and Economic Change: A Dynamic Theory of Business Institutions . London: Routledge, 1995.
Richardson, James. Partners in Progress: A History of the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel . Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996.
Rubenstein, James M. The Changing US Auto Industry: A Geographical Analysis . London: Routledge, 1992.
Industrial Psychology and Worker Efficiency (1910s-1920s)
– Systematic study of worker behavior and productivity optimization
– Example: Hawthorne Studies and systematic workplace psychology research
Mayo, Elton. The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization . New York: Macmillan, 1933.
Roethlisberger, F.J., and William J. Dickson. Management and the Worker . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939.
Gillespie, Richard. Manufacturing Knowledge: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Global Manufacturing and International Expansion (1920s-1930s)
– Systematic replication of production methods internationally
– Example: Ford manufacturing plants worldwide with standardized production procedures
Wilkins, Mira, and Frank Ernest Hill. American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents . Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1964.
Tolliday, Steven, and Jonathan Zeitlin, eds. The Automobile Industry and Its Workers: Between Fordism and Flexibility . Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986.
Bonin, Hubert. “Ford in France: Cultural Adaptation and Technological Transfer.” Business History 40, no. 1 (1998): 62-80.
Zamagni, Vera. The Economic History of Italy, 1860-1990 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Consumer Market Development and Distribution (1910s-1920s)
– Mass market creation and systematic distribution networks
– Example: Ford dealer network development and consumer financing systems
Thomas, Robert Paul. “An Analysis of the Pattern of Growth of the Automobile Industry, 1895-1929.” Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 1965.
Flink, James J. The Automobile Age . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988.
Epstein, Ralph C. The Automobile Industry: Its Economic and Commercial Development . Chicago: A.W. Shaw Company, 1928.
Seltzer, Lawrence H. A Financial History of the American Automobile Industry . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928.
Labor Union Response and Industrial Relations (1930s-1940s)
– Systematic collective bargaining and union organization
– Example: UAW formation and systematic industrial unionism
Lichtenstein, Nelson. The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor . New York: Basic Books, 1995.
Barnard, John. American Vanguard: The United Auto Workers during the Reuther Years, 1935-1970 . Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004.
Fine, Sidney. Sit-Down: The General Motors Strike of 1936-1937 . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969.
Transportation Infrastructure and Urban Planning (1920s-1940s)
– Highway development and systematic transportation planning
– Example: Federal highway system development supporting automobile mass production
Jackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States . New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Lewis, Tom. Divided Highways: Building the Interstate System, Transforming American Life . New York: Viking, 1997.
Seely, Bruce E. Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers . Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987.
—
Cycle 5: Intel’s Microprocessor Revolution (1971) – Innovations and Sources
Microprocessor Architecture and Platform Development (1971-1990s)
– x86 instruction set and systematic platform coordination
– Example: 8086 8088 family development and PC platform standardization
Malone, Michael S. The Intel Trinity: How Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, and Andy Grove Built the World’s Most Important Company . New York: HarperCollins, 2014.
Gelsinger, Pat, Paolo Gargini, Gerhard Parker, and Albert Yu. “Microprocessors circa 2000.” IEEE Spectrum 26, no. 10 (1989): 43-47.
Jackson, Tim. Inside Intel: Andy Grove and the Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Chip Company . New York: Dutton, 1997.
Ceruzzi, Paul E. A History of Modern Computing . 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.
Software Development and Programming Methodologies (1970s-1990s)
– Structured programming and systematic software engineering
– Example: Development of systematic programming languages and software development processes
Brooks, Frederick P. The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering . Anniversary ed. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1995.
Boehm, Barry W. Software Engineering Economics . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981.
Pressman, Roger S. Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach . 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014.
Dijkstra, Edsger W. “Go To Statement Considered Harmful.” Communications of the ACM 11, no. 3 (1968): 147-148.
Operating Systems and Platform Coordination (1980s-2000s)
– DOS, Windows, and systematic platform coordination
– Example: Microsoft-Intel partnership and Wintel platform dominance
Young, Jeffrey S. Steve Jobs: The Journey Is the Reward . Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1987.
Winkler, Connie. “The Standards Wars: The Story of the PC Platform.” IEEE Computer 27, no. 10 (1994): 90-96.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin. From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.
Cusumano, Michael A., and Richard W. Selby. Microsoft Secrets: How the World’s Most Powerful Software Company Creates Technology, Shapes Markets, and Manages People . New York: Free Press, 1995.
Personal Computing and Workplace Transformation (1980s-1990s)
– Desktop computing and systematic office automation
– Example: PC adoption in business environments and systematic workplace digitization
Friedman, Andrew L. Computer Systems Development: History, Organization and Implementation . Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1989.
Yates, JoAnne. “Business Use of Information and Technology during the Industrial Age.” In A Nation Transformed by Information , edited by Alfred D. Chandler Jr. and James W. Cortada. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Cortada, James W. The Digital Hand: How Computers Changed the Work of American Manufacturing, Transportation, and Retail Industries . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Network Computing and Internet Development (1990s-2000s)
– TCP IP protocols and systematic network coordination
– Example: Internet infrastructure development and network-based coordination systems
Hafner, Katie, and Matthew Lyon. Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet . New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
Berners-Lee, Tim, with Mark Fischetti. Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web . New York: HarperCollins, 1999.
Abbate, Janet. Inventing the Internet . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.
Castells, Manuel. The Rise of the Network Society . 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
Rheingold, Howard. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier . Rev. ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.
Database Management and Information Systems (1980s-2000s)
– Relational databases and systematic data coordination
– Example: Oracle, IBM DB2, and systematic enterprise data management
Date, C.J. An Introduction to Database Systems . 8th ed. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2003.
Codd, E.F. “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks.” Communications of the ACM 13, no. 6 (1970): 377-387.
Gray, Jim, and Andreas Reuter. Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques . San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993.
Enterprise Resource Planning and Business Integration (1990s-2010s)
– ERP systems and systematic business process coordination
– Example: SAP R 3, Oracle applications, and systematic organizational integration
Davenport, Thomas H. Mission Critical: Realizing the Promise of Enterprise Systems . Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000.
Scott, Judy E., and Iris Vessey. “Managing Risks in Enterprise Systems Implementations.” Communications of the ACM 45, no. 4 (2002): 74-81.
Kumar, Kuldeep, and Jos van Hillegersberg. “ERP Experiences and Evolution.” Communications of the ACM 43, no. 4 (2000): 22-26.
Markus, M. Lynne, and Cornelis Tanis. “The Enterprise Systems Experience—From Adoption to Success.” In Framing the Domains of IT Research , edited by Robert W. Zmud. Cincinnati: Pinnaflex Educational Resources, 2000.
Global Outsourcing and Distributed Development (1990s-2010s)
– Offshore software development and systematic global coordination
– Example: Indian software industry development and systematic international project management
Aspray, William, Frank Mayadas, and Moshe Y. Vardi, eds. Globalization and Offshoring of Software: A Report of the ACM Job Migration Task Force . New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2006.
Arora, Ashish, and Alfonso Gambardella, eds. From Underdogs to Tigers: The Rise and Growth of the Software Industry in Brazil, China, India, Ireland, and Israel . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Carmel, Erran. Global Software Teams: Collaborating Across Borders and Time Zones . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999.
Sahay, Sundeep, Brian Nicholson, and S. Krishna. Global IT Outsourcing: Software Development across Borders . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Agile Development and Project Management (2000s-2010s)
– Iterative development and systematic project coordination
– Example: Scrum, XP methodologies, and systematic agile project management
Beck, Kent, et al. “Manifesto for Agile Software Development.” Agile Alliance, 2001. <http: agilemanifesto.org >.
Schwaber, Ken, and Mike Beedle. Agile Software Development with Scrum . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001.
Cockburn, Alistair. Agile Software Development . Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2001.
Highsmith, Jim. Agile Software Development Ecosystems . Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2002.
Semiconductor Manufacturing and Moore’s Law (1970s-2010s)
– Systematic scaling of semiconductor production
– Example: Fab construction, process technology, and systematic manufacturing coordination
Mack, Chris. Fundamental Principles of Optical Lithography: The Science of Microfabrication . Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
Semiconductor Industry Association. International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors . Multiple editions, 1992-2015.
Malone, Michael S. The Big Score: The Billion-Dollar Story of Silicon Valley . Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1985.
Platform Economics and Network Effects (1990s-2010s)
– Digital platforms and systematic ecosystem coordination
– Example: Microsoft Windows, Intel architecture, and systematic platform dominance
Shapiro, Carl, and Hal R. Varian. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy . Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999.
Arthur, W. Brian. “Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events.” Economic Journal 99, no. 394 (1989): 116-131.
Katz, Michael L., and Carl Shapiro. “Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility.” American Economic Review 75, no. 3 (1985): 424-440.
Parker, Geoffrey G., Marshall W. Van Alstyne, and Sangeet Paul Choudary. Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economy and How to Make Them Work for You . New York: W .W. Norton, 2016.
—
Cross-Cycle Theoretical and Comparative Sources
Technology Cycles and Long-Wave Theory
Perez, Carlota. Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages . Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2002.
Freeman, Christopher, and Carlota Perez. “Structural Crises of Adjustment, Business Cycles and Investment Behaviour.” In Technical Change and Economic Theory , edited by Giovanni Dosi et al. London: Pinter Publishers, 1988.
Schumpeter, Joseph A. Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process . 2 vols. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939.
Kondratieff, Nikolai D. “The Long Waves in Economic Life.” Review of Economics and Statistics 17, no. 6 (1935): 105-115.
Freeman, Christopher, and Francisco Louçã. As Time Goes By: From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Organizational Theory and Management Evolution
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1962.
Nelson, Richard R., and Sidney G. Winter. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Williamson, Oliver E. Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications . New York: Free Press, 1975.
Weber, Max. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology . Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
March, James G., and Herbert A. Simon. Organizations . New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1958.
Labor History and Work Transformation
Braverman, Harry. Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century . New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974.
Edwards, Richard. Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century . New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Montgomery, David. Workers’ Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Labor Struggles . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Piore, Michael J., and Charles F. Sabel. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity . New York: Basic Books, 1984.
Bell, Daniel. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting . New York: Basic Books, 1973.
Technology and Social Change
Winner, Langdon. Autonomous Technology: Technics-out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1977.
Hughes, Thomas P. Human-Built World: How to Think about Technology and Culture . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Bijker, Wiebe E., Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor J. Pinch, eds. The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.
MacKenzie, Donald, and Judy Wajcman, eds. The Social Shaping of Technology . 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1999.
Standards and Interoperability
David, Paul A. “Clio and the Economics of QWERTY.” American Economic Review 75, no. 2 (1985): 332-337.
David, Paul A., and Shane Greenstein. “The Economics of Compatibility Standards: An Introduction to Recent Research.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 1, no. 1-2 (1990): 3-41.
Shapiro, Carl, and Hal R. Varian. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy . Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999.
Schmidt, Susanne K., and Raymund Werle. Coordinating Technology: Studies in the International Standardization of Telecommunications . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.
Innovation Systems and Institutional Change
Nelson, Richard R., ed. National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis . New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, ed. National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning . London: Pinter Publishers, 1992.
Freeman, Christopher. Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan . London: Pinter Publishers, 1987.
Porter, Michael E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations . New York: Free Press, 1990.
Path Dependence and Lock-in Effects
Arthur, W. Brian. Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.
North, Douglass C. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Pierson, Paul. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review 94, no. 2 (2000): 251-267.
Mahoney, James. “Path Dependence in Historical Sociology.” Theory and Society 29, no. 4 (2000): 507-548.
Business History and Corporate Evolution
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., Franco Amatori, and Takashi Hikino, eds. Big Business and the Wealth of Nations . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Hannah, Leslie. The Rise of the Corporate Economy . 2nd ed. London: Methuen, 1983.
McCraw, Thomas K., ed. Creating Modern Capitalism: How Entrepreneurs, Companies, and Countries Triumphed in Three Industrial Revolutions . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Jones, Geoffrey, and Jonathan Zeitlin, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Business History . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Knowledge Work and Information Economy
Drucker, Peter F. Post-Capitalist Society . New York: HarperBusiness, 1993.
Reich, Robert B. The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st-Century Capitalism . New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.
Nonaka, Ikujiro, and Hirotaka Takeuchi. The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation . New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Davenport, Thomas H., and Laurence Prusak. Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know . Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998.